Seoul has been identified as the world’s No. 1 city in terms of carbon emissions, or carbon footprint, but the world’s 200th measured per capita, a Norwegian study said.

According to the survey conducted by a research team from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, led by Daniel Moran, Seoul had the greatest carbon emissions among 13,000 cities across 187 nations, generating an estimated 276.1 million tons of carbon, followed by China’s Guangzhou (272 million tons) and New York City (233.5 million tons).

The survey, published in the international science journal Environmental Research Letters, is based on the Gridded Global Model of City Footprints that makes use of data on population and purchasing power.

Seoul’s ranking was based on a population of 21.25 million, the population of the metropolitan area as of 2015, the survey said.