Hope isn’t a strategy. But it was a major part of NATO’s decision to launch an air war against Libya’s Moammar Gadhafi almost three months ago.

Back in March, when the bombing began, the leaders of France, Britain and the United States hoped Gadhafi’s regime would shatter under the shock and awe of modern munitions, and that Libyan military officers would take the advice of their European counterparts and overthrow their leader.

None of that happened. Instead, France’s Nicolas Sarkozy, Britain’s David Cameron, President Obama and their allies are mired in a lengthening war of choice that none of them cared all that much about in the first place. NATO has just renewed its initial 90-day commitment to military action in Libya for another three months. Britain’s foreign secretary, William Hague, recently told the BBC that the bombing might last the rest of the year.

Oddly, though, the war hasn’t become an overriding public concern in any of the countries in the effort, not even here in Italy, where thousands of seaborne migrants from North Africa have landed as refugees and hundreds more, drowned in shipwrecks, have washed ashore dead on beaches.

The migration has created a mini-crisis on the resort island of Lampedusa, 180 miles north of Libya, where some 4,000 refugees are being held in camps. The mayor of Lampedusa, Dino De Rubeis, has demanded that they be removed before their presence puts a damper on the summer tourist season. But elsewhere in Italy, the refugee situation ― and the war itself ― are rarely front-page news anymore.

“Libya and immigration aren’t our biggest worry; the economy is,” Roberto Pesciani, a teacher, told me recently. “People are worried about jobs, but they don’t want the jobs that illegal migrants have to take.”

Italians are also talking about an endless series of soccer scandals, and about whether Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi, on trial in Milan for allegedly paying a minor for sex, is finally on the way out. But Libya? Not so much.

What this tells us is that Western countries can wage war for months without arousing much concern in their publics, as long as Western troops aren’t on the ground and Western pilots aren’t being killed or captured. Polls show that public support for the war among both Europeans and Americans is thin, but opposition is even thinner. There have been few demonstrations in the streets of any country against this Western military intervention.

Over time, however, if the war lasts longer, there is likely to be a political cost, particularly for Sarkozy and Cameron, the initial and most fervent promoters of intervention.

Obama may be less exposed. He has limited the U.S. role in combat operations, stonily rebuffing French and British pleas to contribute low-flying close-air-support planes, which the Europeans don’t have, to the fight in Misurata. The French and British were forced to commit their own combat helicopters to the task, even though they are more vulnerable than the U.S. planes would have been.

NATO’s leaders are scrambling to find tactics that might force Gadhafi to give up: military escalation, aid to the rebels, Russian mediation. They’re contemplating outcomes in which Gadhafi might not have to leave Libya or stand trial before the International Criminal Court. “All options are open,” Sarkozy said last month. “We are not saying that Gadhafi needs to be exiled. He must leave power, and the quicker he does it, the greater his choice.”

But Gadhafi shows little interest in a graceful exit, and NATO may soon face a tough decision. British newspapers have already reported that former British soldiers are on the ground spotting targets for NATO airstrikes, reportedly under contract to an unnamed Arab regime. If the air war stalls, Britain and France will have to consider sending in ground forces as the quickest way to finish the job. Hague has already acknowledged that Britain will probably send peacekeeping troops if and when the conflict ends.

In a contest of wills between NATO and Gadhafi, NATO still appears likely to win in the long run. Gadhafi is hanging on because his survival is at stake; there’s no comfortable retirement plan for tyrants anymore. Yet Sarkozy and Cameron also need to win; they’ve staked much of their stature as leaders on the outcome.

But will this war, initially promised as a quick, low-cost intervention to prevent humanitarian disaster, still look like a good bargain if the bombing continues past Christmas? Or if the only way to end it is with NATO boots on the ground?

Helping Libya’s rebels overthrow Gadhafi was a good idea in March, and it still is today. But the difficulty of actually reaching that goal should have come as no surprise.

At the start of the war, Cameron assured his nervous Parliament: “This is not Iraq.” In its peculiarities, of course, Tripoli is very different from Baghdad. But the war is teaching Europeans something Americans learned years ago on the banks of the Tigris: No matter how appealing the cause, military intervention is rarely as easy or as cheap as it looks.

By Doyle McManus

Doyle McManus is a columnist for The Los Angeles Times. Readers may send him email at doyle.mcmanus@latimes.com ― Ed.

(Los Angeles Times)

(McClatchy-Tribune Information Services)